Soviet Soyuz rockets like the one pictured above were the first reliable means to transport objects into Earth orbit.Sputnik 1 weighed less than 90 kg and orbited the Earth for less than three months. Its launch began the space race.Laika became the first living being in orbit on Sputnik 2This image was recorded by astronauts as the Space Shuttle Atlantis approached the Russian space station prior to docking during the STS-76 mission. Sporting spindly appendages and solar panels, Mir is orbiting about 350 kilometers above New Zealand's South Island and the city of Nelson near Cook Strait.
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Russian, Soviet Programs

From World War II until its breakup, the Soviet Union undertook projects to build rockets, craft, and instruments for war and exploration of space. more...

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The Soviet space program was shrouded in secrecy. The leader of the Soviet space program, Sergey Korolev was known only as the "chief designer" during his life. Announcements of success were delayed until success was certain, and failures were kept secret. Only through glasnost have many facts about the program become public knowledge.

Origins

The theory of space exploration was well-established in the USSR before the Second World War by the writings of Konstantin Tsiolkovsky; but as with the American programme, it was founded on the advances made by Hermann Oberth and Werner von Braun in Germany during the war. The USSR captured the V-2 production sites and several hundred technicians, along with several rockets. Under the direction of Dimitri Ustinov, the designer and engineer Sergei Korolev inspected the rockets; aided by the German prisoners, they built a replica of the R-1 rocket. The weight of the Soviet nuclear warheads required a much more powerful booster. Also, Korolev was dedicated to the use of liquid-fuelled cryogenic rockets. This resulted in the design of the R-7 Semyorka intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM). Though not effective as a strategic weapon, the R-7 was an excellent basis for a space launch vehicle.

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		Space Great October 1966 year P/ Stationary Mc
		Space Great October 1966 year P/ Stationary Mc 
		Space Bulgaria Stara Zagora Observatory old postcard
		Space Bulgaria Stara Zagora Observatory old postcard

		Russian Space Propaganda by Sharshakov Old Pc
		Russian Space Propaganda by Sharshakov Old Pc 
		Stalingrad 4 Tea Glass Holders 4 from Ukraine metall aluminium Ussr Volgograd
		Stalingrad 4 Tea Glass Holders 4 from Ukraine metall aluminium Ussr Volgograd

		Space Usa Sm-65 Convair Atlas old postcard
		Space Usa Sm-65 Convair Atlas old postcard 
		Space Gherman Titov Postmark Space Cosmonautic Day 1967
		Space Gherman Titov Postmark Space Cosmonautic Day 1967

		Space Belyayev Postmark Space Cosmonautic Day 1967
		Space Belyayev Postmark Space Cosmonautic Day 1967 
		Space Pavel Ppopovich Soviet cosmonaut P/ Stationary Mc
		Space Pavel Ppopovich Soviet cosmonaut P/ Stationary Mc

		Space Carl Zeiss Planetarium Jena Germany old postcard
		Space Carl Zeiss Planetarium Jena Germany old postcard 
		Space Cosmonautics Day 12 April 1963 year old postcard
		Space Cosmonautics Day 12 April 1963 year old postcard

		Space Feoktistov Postmark Space Cosmonautic Day 1967
		Space Feoktistov Postmark Space Cosmonautic Day 1967

		Space Bykovsky Postmark Space Cosmonautic Day 1967
		Space Bykovsky Postmark Space Cosmonautic Day 1967 
		Space Moscow Planetarium by Kravtsov Ex Libris
		Space Moscow Planetarium by Kravtsov Ex Libris

		Space Komarov Postmark Space Cosmonautic Day 1967
		Space Komarov Postmark Space Cosmonautic Day 1967 
		pin badge medal Ussr cosmodrom Plesetsk launch Rocket 12 apr 1961 year Rare
		pin badge medal Ussr cosmodrom Plesetsk launch Rocket 12 apr 1961 year Rare

		pin badge Rocket Force Military Baikonur launch shattl Ussr Buran Energia Rare
		pin badge Rocket Force Military Baikonur launch shattl Ussr Buran Energia Rare 
		Space Cosmonautics Day 12 April 1963 y P/ Stationary Mc
		Space Cosmonautics Day 12 April 1963 y P/ Stationary Mc

		Space Propaganda Man on moon old photo postcard
		Space Propaganda Man on moon old photo postcard 
		Space Tereshkova Postmark Space Cosmonautic Day 1967
		Space Tereshkova Postmark Space Cosmonautic Day 1967

		Space Force Sputnik
2000
 Baikonur Bayconur medal sovet Designer Rocket Ussr
		Space Force Sputnik 2000 Baikonur Bayconur medal sovet Designer Rocket Ussr 
		Space Andrian Nikolayev Soviet cosmonaut P/ Stationary
		Space Andrian Nikolayev Soviet cosmonaut P/ Stationary

		Tea Glass Holder Big Kreml "Gun Tsar" And "Tsar Bell" +Glass Ussr Russia metal
		Tea Glass Holder Big Kreml "Gun Tsar" And "Tsar Bell" +Glass Ussr Russia metal 
		Space Yuri Gagarin Soviet cosmonaut old Photo Mc
		Space Yuri Gagarin Soviet cosmonaut old Photo Mc

		Space Boris Yegorov Postmark Space Cosmonautic Day 1967
		Space Boris Yegorov Postmark Space Cosmonautic Day 1967 
		Space Pyotr Klimuk & Miroslaw Hermaszewski first Pole
		Space Pyotr Klimuk & Miroslaw Hermaszewski first Pole

		Space Cosmonautics Day 12 April 1964 year P/ Stationary
		Space Cosmonautics Day 12 April 1964 year P/ Stationary 
		Space Popovich Postmark Space Cosmonautic Day 1967
		Space Popovich Postmark Space Cosmonautic Day 1967

		Russian Space Propaganda Apollo Telegram
		Russian Space Propaganda Apollo Telegram 
		Buran shattl Baikonur Bayconur medal sovet Designer Rocket Ussr space programm
		Buran shattl Baikonur Bayconur medal sovet Designer Rocket Ussr space programm

		Space Cosmonautics Day 12 April 1974 year Star City Old
		Space Cosmonautics Day 12 April 1974 year Star City Old 
		Space Yuri Gagarin Postmark Space Cosmonautic Day 1967
		Space Yuri Gagarin Postmark Space Cosmonautic Day 1967

		Space Gherman Titov Soviet cosmonaut old Photo Mc
		Space Gherman Titov Soviet cosmonaut old Photo Mc 
		Space Sigmund Jahn German pilot old postcard
		Space Sigmund Jahn German pilot old postcard

		Glass Holder Tea+Two+Cigare​Tte Cases+Matchbox Metal Ussr Space Item From Seth
		Glass Holder Tea+Two+Cigare​Tte Cases+Matchbox Metal Ussr Space Item From Seth
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